Factors affecting distribution of microbiotic crusts in the grain-for-green land of the loess region, northern Shaanxi, China

A field survey was conducted in the grain-forgreen land of the loess region, northern Shaanxi, China, from July to August of 2005 to provide a scientific evaluation of the grain-for-green project, including its soil and water conservation and other ecological benefits for the region. The distribution of microbiotic crusts were studied, while human disturbance, aspect, topography, vegetation structure and other factors affecting it were obtained from the analysis of survey data from 78 sample plots. Results show that crust coverage is larger on less-disturbed plots than on highly-disturbed ones, on north-facing plots than on south-facing ones and on gully-slopes than on ridge-slopes. Coverage increases with herbal coverage and trees can provide better conditions for distribution of crusts than shrubs. Therefore, crust coverage is larger in herb-dominated plots than in tree-dominated ones and crusts in shrub-dominated plots are smaller. However, we made no progress in our study on deciding how slope degrees and herb species affect the distribution of crusts. We believe that more studies are necessary for a further exploration of the relationship between them. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(1): 102–107 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Precipitation and soil particle size co-determine spatial distribution of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert,China

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are bio-sedimentary associations that play crucial ecological roles in arid and semi-arid regions. In the Gurbantunggut Desert of China, more than 27% of the land surface is characterized by a predominant cover of lichen-dominated BSCs that contribute to the stability of the desert. However, little is known about the major factors that limit the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale. In this study, the cover of BSCs was investigated along a precipitation gradient from the margins to the center of the Gurbantunggut Desert. Environmental variables including precipitation, soil particle size, soil p H, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, total salt, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were analyzed at a macro scale to determine their association with differing assemblages of BSCs(cyanobacteria crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts) using constrained linear ordination redundancy analysis(RDA). A model of BSCs distribution correlated with environmental variables that dominated the first two axes of the RDA was constructed to clearly demonstrate the succession stages of BSCs. The study determined that soil particle size(represented by coarse sand content) and precipitation are the most significant drivers influencing the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The cover of lichen and moss crusts increased with increasing precipitation, while the cover of cyanobacteria crusts decreased with increasing precipitation. The cover of lichen and moss crusts was negatively associated with coarse sand content, whereas the cover of cyanobacteria crusts was positively correlated with coarse sand content. These findings highlight the need for both the availability of soil moisture and a relatively stable of soil matrix, not only for the growth of BSCs but more importantly, for the regeneration and rehabilitation of disturbed BSC communities in arid and semi-arid lands. Thereby, this study will provide a theory basis to effectively increase soil stability in desert regions.     

黄土区土壤结皮和垄高对坡面产流产沙的影响

通过室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究不同坡面处理(有结皮、无结皮)和垄高(7、10和13 cm)产流产沙情况,为黄土区等高耕作水土流失治理提供理论依据。结果表明,同一垄高下,土壤结皮使坡面初始产流时间提前,径流强度增大,径流总量增加;同一坡面处理下,随垄高增加,坡面径流总量和泥沙总量减少。垄高通过蓄积雨水能力影响土壤结皮对坡面泥沙总量作用。垄高7 cm时,蓄积雨水能力较小,坡面径流量较大,土壤结皮增大坡面产沙量,相比无结皮坡面增加38.70%;垄高为10 cm和13 cm时,蓄积雨水能力较强,坡面径流量较小,土壤结皮减少坡面产沙量,相比无结皮坡面分别减少21.10%和65.70%。坡面土壤侵蚀过程中,土壤结皮首先抑制坡面产沙,但随着降雨历时增加,土壤结皮促进坡面产沙。因此,在黄土区等高耕作中,应合理设置垄高,抑制结皮,以降低土壤侵蚀程度。     

毛乌素沙地土壤结皮对水分运动的影响

采用人工模拟降水和自然降雨在毛乌素沙地对结皮与水分运动关系的试验和观测,人为控制降雨强度、降雨时长等方法测定沙地土壤结皮对降水的拦截、入渗规律的影响。在自然环境下,研究结皮对土壤水分的蒸发、损耗试验,揭示沙地土壤结皮对水分蒸发及保水能力的影响规律。结果表明:结皮对降雨入渗有拦截作用,降雨强度越大,拦截作用越大,反之,拦截作用越小。结皮可保持土壤水分,在地下5～60 cm土层中,结皮在降雨结束24 h后保持湿度是裸沙区湿度的4.6倍。结皮对深度入渗有延长时效的作用,有效地延缓了水分快速渗漏速度。结皮有效阻止水分快速蒸发,结皮区水分蒸发至3%要比裸沙区延后5～6 d。     

民勤退化人工梭梭种群雨养恢复试验研究

通过对民勤人工梭梭种群更新、平茬矮化和林地结皮改造试验,探讨梭梭种群雨养恢复关键技术措施。结果表明:民勤人工梭梭种群以半固定沙丘、沙地上更新较好,更新苗平均密度为1 130～2 280株.hm-2,但当年生幼苗保存率低,为20.6%～53.3%,这主要受降水和风蚀环境的限制;人工梭梭全平茬处理明显促进了梭梭枝条生长和萌发,平茬后当年高生长量平均58.9 cm,新枝平均长度27.0 cm,二次枝萌发数平均16.9个,分别为半平茬梭梭的1.1倍、1.6倍和1.3倍;梭梭林地结皮的穴状破坏加速了降水水分入渗过程,降水入渗深度可达70 cm,结皮带状和片状处理对降水产生一定的截留,降水在50～70 cm之间入渗。     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区不同植被下生物结皮的发育特征研究

研究了黄土高原典型流域内不同植被下生物结皮的厚度、容重和抗剪强度等变化特征。结果表明:不同植被下黄土生物结皮的发育程度差异较大,表现在结皮的厚度、抗剪强度和容重几个指标上,总体发育程度顺序为:乔灌下结皮>多年生草本下结皮>一年生草本下结皮。随着生物结皮的发育和演替,结皮厚度增加,但增加幅度相对缓慢;结皮容重呈降低趋势,土壤孔隙结构得以改善;结皮抗剪强度不断增大,表明其控蚀效果相应增强。生物结皮的覆盖度和厚度均明显表现为:阴坡>阳坡,而容重变化则相反,即阴坡<阳坡;抗剪强度表现为阳坡略大于阴坡。说明坡向对生物结皮的发育具有显著影响。不同植被和坡向下生物结皮的发育特征出现差异,其水文生态功能理应有所不同,这在今后的研究中应予以重视。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿植冠下生物结皮分布特征及其影响因素研究

在毛乌素沙地采用样线法调查了油蒿植冠下生物结皮分布状况并对其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:油蒿植冠下生物结皮厚度分布不均匀,生物结皮厚度的最大值出现在距油蒿根部20 cm处,厚度值为0.84 cm,20 cm处向外生物结皮厚度呈环带状降低,距离每增加10 cm生物结皮厚度平均下降约0.07 cm。东南方向上生物结皮分布半径长于其他3个方向,西北方向生物结皮分布半径短于其他方向;距油蒿根部相同距离处东南方向生物结皮最厚,西北方向生物结皮最薄。油蒿植株下生物结皮的分布与枯落物的分布关系密切,枯落物是影响油蒿植株下生物结皮形成的重要因素,同时枯落物的分布又受到油蒿植冠形态和当地风况的影响。     

红壤结皮发育特征及其与土壤溅蚀的关系

研究红壤表土结皮发育特征及其与土壤溅蚀的关系,可为理解红壤的侵蚀机理提供理论依据。通过人工模拟降雨溅蚀试验,采样制作土壤切片,同时测定红壤溅蚀速率,观察分析红壤土表结构的变化特征以及与土壤溅蚀的关系。结果表明：土壤母质和质地是影响土壤结皮形成的主要因素。母质是花岗岩的红壤不易形成结皮,而母质是红砂岩和第四纪红色粘土的红壤较易形成结皮。石砾和粗砂含量较多的红壤不易形成结皮,而粉粒和粘粒含量越多,红壤表面越易形成结皮。     

杏鲍菇酥饼的加工工艺

以杏鲍菇菇头、面粉、白糖、棕榈油等作为主要原料,进行杏鲍菇酥饼加工工艺研究。正交试验及感官分析结果显示:油皮与油酥比为3∶5;油皮最佳配方为高筋面粉70%、杏鲍菇菇头粉5%、泡打粉0.9%;油酥最佳配方为低筋面粉45%、杏鲍菇菇头粉10%、棕榈油30%、白砂糖15%。通过此配方工艺制得的杏鲍菇酥饼色泽金黄、口感酥脆、杏鲍菇特有的香味浓厚。     

The effect of soil crust on the generation of runoff on small plots in an arid environment

In arid zones, runoff is frequently generated as a result of the crust development on the soil surface. This crust is a thin layer of greater density, high shear strength, finer pores and has a lower saturated hydraulic conductivity than the underlying soil. The objective of the research reported herein was to study the factors that influence the generation of runoff in small plots under natural rainfall conditions. Factors studied were crust permeability, roughness, soil salt content and time gaps between the rain showers.